http://icrpaedia.org/api.php?action=feedcontributions&user=Charlotte+White&feedformat=atomICRPaedia - User contributions [en]2024-03-28T12:15:56ZUser contributionsMediaWiki 1.32.0http://icrpaedia.org/index.php?title=Utilitarian_ethics&diff=3334Utilitarian ethics2021-09-07T14:57:02Z<p>Charlotte White: </p>
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<div>An approach to ethics that judges the morality of an action based on the action’s impact on social welfare.<br />
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(Adapted from [[ICRP Publication 138]], 2018)<br />
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'''Return to [[ICRP Glossary|Glossary]]'''</div>Charlotte Whitehttp://icrpaedia.org/index.php?title=Uptake&diff=3333Uptake2021-09-07T14:56:46Z<p>Charlotte White: </p>
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<div>[[File:Glossary Icon-2.png|100px|frameless|right|link=ICRP Glossary]]<br />
Activity that enters blood from the respiratory or alimentary tract or through the skin.<br />
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See also [[Intake]].<br />
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(Adapted from [[ICRP Publication 130]], 2015)<br />
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'''Return to [[ICRP Glossary|Glossary]]'''</div>Charlotte Whitehttp://icrpaedia.org/index.php?title=Upper_reference_levels&diff=3332Upper reference levels2021-09-07T14:56:27Z<p>Charlotte White: </p>
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<div>[[File:Glossary Icon-2.png|100px|frameless|right|link=ICRP Glossary]]<br />
Maximum values of exposure under which ICRP recommends national authorities to establish their own national reference levels.<br />
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(Adapted from [[ICRP Publication 115]], 2010)<br />
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'''Return to [[ICRP Glossary|Glossary]]'''</div>Charlotte Whitehttp://icrpaedia.org/index.php?title=Unsealed_source&diff=3331Unsealed source2021-09-07T14:56:16Z<p>Charlotte White: </p>
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<div>Radioactive material that is in a readily dispensable form i.e. neither permanently sealed in a capsule nor incorporated in a solid form.<br />
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(Adapted from [https://www.iaea.org/resources/safety-standards/safety-glossary IAEA Glossary], 2016)<br />
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'''Return to [[ICRP Glossary|Glossary]]'''</div>Charlotte Whitehttp://icrpaedia.org/index.php?title=Unattached_fraction&diff=3330Unattached fraction2021-09-07T14:55:55Z<p>Charlotte White: </p>
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<div>[[File:Glossary Icon-2.png|100px|frameless|right|link=ICRP Glossary]]<br />
The fraction of the [[potential alpha energy concentration]] of short-lived radon progeny that is not attached to the ambient aerosol.<br />
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(Adapted from [[ICRP Publication 115]], 2010)<br />
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'''Return to [[ICRP Glossary|Glossary]]'''</div>Charlotte Whitehttp://icrpaedia.org/index.php?title=Voxel_phantom&diff=3329Voxel phantom2021-09-07T14:34:37Z<p>Charlotte White: </p>
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<div>[[File:Glossary Icon-2.png|100px|frameless|right|link=ICRP Glossary]]<br />
Computational anthropomorphic phantom based on medical tomographic images where the anatomy is described by small three-dimensional volume elements (voxels) specifying the density and the atomic composition of the various organs and tissues of the human body.<br />
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See also [[reference phantom]].<br />
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(Adapted from [[ICRP Publication 103]], 2007)<br />
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'''Return to [[ICRP Glossary|Glossary]]'''<br />
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== Previous glossary entries ==<br />
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=== from [[ICRP Publication 116]], 2015 and [[ICRP Publication 123]], 2013 ===<br />
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Computational anthropomorphic phantom based on medical tomographic images in which the anatomy is described by small three-dimensional volume elements (voxels). Collections of these voxels are used to specify the organs and tissues of the human body.<br />
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=== from [[ICRP Publication 110]], 2008 ===<br />
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Computational anthropomorphic phantom based on medical tomographic images in which the anatomy is described by small three-dimensional volume elements (voxels) specifying the organ or tissue to which they belong.</div>Charlotte Whitehttp://icrpaedia.org/index.php?title=Virtue_ethics&diff=3328Virtue ethics2021-09-07T14:34:22Z<p>Charlotte White: </p>
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<div>An approach to ethics that emphasizes the role of personal character and virtue in determination of morality.<br />
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(Adapted from [[ICRP Publication 138]], 2018)<br />
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'''Return to [[ICRP Glossary|Glossary]]'''</div>Charlotte Whitehttp://icrpaedia.org/index.php?title=Valvular_heart_disease&diff=3327Valvular heart disease2021-09-07T14:34:05Z<p>Charlotte White: </p>
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<div>Heart disease due to one or more abnormal heart valves. Abnormally narrowed or leaky heart valves can interfere with the heart’s ability to push blood forward from chamber to chamber, and then out to the lungs, coronary arteries and aorta.<br />
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(Adapted from [[ICRP Publication 120]], 2012)<br />
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'''Return to [[ICRP Glossary|Glossary]]'''</div>Charlotte Whitehttp://icrpaedia.org/index.php?title=Value_judgement&diff=3326Value judgement2021-09-07T14:33:50Z<p>Charlotte White: </p>
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<div>A subjective assessment based upon available knowledge and a particular set of values and priorities.<br />
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(Adapted from [[ICRP Publication 138]], 2018)<br />
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'''Return to [[ICRP Glossary|Glossary]]'''</div>Charlotte Whitehttp://icrpaedia.org/index.php?title=Xerostomia&diff=3325Xerostomia2021-09-07T14:33:27Z<p>Charlotte White: </p>
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<div>Dryness of the mouth caused by malfunctioning salivary glands or composition of saliva. Xerostomia is also known to be caused by radiotherapy of the head and neck region.<br />
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(Adapted from [[ICRP Publication 118]], 2012)<br />
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'''Return to [[ICRP Glossary|Glossary]]'''</div>Charlotte Whitehttp://icrpaedia.org/index.php?title=X_ray&diff=3324X ray2021-09-07T14:33:05Z<p>Charlotte White: </p>
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<div>Electromagnetic radiation emitted from outside the nucleus of an atom due to the energy loss of electrons.<br />
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'''Return to [[ICRP Glossary|Glossary]]'''</div>Charlotte Whitehttp://icrpaedia.org/index.php?title=Growth_hormone_(somatotropin)&diff=3323Growth hormone (somatotropin)2021-09-07T14:32:15Z<p>Charlotte White: </p>
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<div>A peptide hormone that stimulates growth, cell reproduction, and cell regeneration. Growth hormone is synthesized, stored and secreted by somatotropic cells within the anterior pituitary gland.<br />
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'''Return to [[ICRP Glossary|Glossary]]'''</div>Charlotte Whitehttp://icrpaedia.org/index.php?title=Growth_fraction&diff=3322Growth fraction2021-09-07T14:31:44Z<p>Charlotte White: </p>
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<div>Proportion of viable cells in active cell division.<br />
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(Adapted from [[ICRP Publication 118]], 2012)<br />
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'''Return to [[ICRP Glossary|Glossary]]'''</div>Charlotte Whitehttp://icrpaedia.org/index.php?title=Growth_factor&diff=3321Growth factor2021-09-07T14:31:31Z<p>Charlotte White: </p>
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<div>[[File:Glossary Icon-2.png|100px|frameless|right|link=ICRP Glossary]]<br />
An organic molecule that stimulates cell proliferation when it binds to its cellsurface receptor. Often synonymously termed ‘cytokine’.<br />
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(Adapted from [[ICRP Publication 131]], 2015)<br />
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'''Return to [[ICRP Glossary|Glossary]]'''<br />
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== Previous glossary entries ==<br />
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=== from [[ICRP Publication 118]], 2012 ===<br />
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A serum protein that stimulates cell division when it binds to its cell surface receptor.<br />
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=== from [[ICRP Publication 103]], 2007 ===<br />
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Molecules that act to control cell reproduction and proliferation/differentiation of a population of cells.</div>Charlotte Whitehttp://icrpaedia.org/index.php?title=Granulocyte-macrophage_colony-stimulating_factor&diff=3320Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor2021-09-07T14:30:41Z<p>Charlotte White: </p>
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<div>Cytokine that stimulates differentiation of progenitors into granulocytes, macrophages, and eosinophils.<br />
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(Adapted from [[ICRP Publication 118]], 2012)<br />
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'''Return to [[ICRP Glossary|Glossary]]'''</div>Charlotte Whitehttp://icrpaedia.org/index.php?title=Granulocyte_colony-stimulating_factor&diff=3319Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor2021-09-07T14:30:24Z<p>Charlotte White: </p>
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<div>Cytokine that stimulates differentiation of progenitor cells into granulocytes.<br />
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(Adapted from [[ICRP Publication 118]], 2012)<br />
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'''Return to [[ICRP Glossary|Glossary]]'''</div>Charlotte Whitehttp://icrpaedia.org/index.php?title=Graft_vs_host_disease&diff=3318Graft vs host disease2021-09-07T14:29:37Z<p>Charlotte White: </p>
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<div>[[File:Glossary Icon-2.png|100px|frameless|right|link=ICRP Glossary]]<br />
In transplants, reaction by immunologically competent cells of the donor against the antigens present on the cells of the host. Often a fatal condition in human bone marrow transplants.<br />
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(Adapted from [[ICRP Publication 118]], 2012)<br />
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'''Return to [[ICRP Glossary|Glossary]]'''</div>Charlotte Whitehttp://icrpaedia.org/index.php?title=Graded_approach&diff=3317Graded approach2021-09-07T14:29:20Z<p>Charlotte White: </p>
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<div>The scheme recommended for implementing the system of protection in a way that is proportionate to the magnitude and likelihood of the risk, the complexity of the exposure situation and the prevailing circumstances.<br />
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'''Return to [[ICRP Glossary|Glossary]]'''</div>Charlotte Whitehttp://icrpaedia.org/index.php?title=Rigidity_threshold&diff=3316Rigidity threshold2021-09-07T14:29:02Z<p>Charlotte White: </p>
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<div>For each point inside the Earth´s magnetosphere and each direction from that point, there exists a rigidity threshold below which the cosmic particles are not able to reach this point. This rigidity is called the ‘geomagnetic cut-off rigidity’.<br />
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(Adapted from [[ICRP Publication 123]], 2013)<br />
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'''Return to [[ICRP Glossary|Glossary]]'''</div>Charlotte Whitehttp://icrpaedia.org/index.php?title=Genomic_integrity&diff=3315Genomic integrity2021-09-07T14:28:47Z<p>Charlotte White: </p>
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<div>[[File:Glossary Icon-2.png|100px|frameless|right|link=ICRP Glossary]]<br />
Preservation of the structural and functional content of the genome of cells.<br />
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(Adapted from [[ICRP Publication 131]], 2015)<br />
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'''Return to [[ICRP Glossary|Glossary]]'''</div>Charlotte Whitehttp://icrpaedia.org/index.php?title=GATA_binding_protein_2&diff=3314GATA binding protein 22021-09-07T14:28:24Z<p>Charlotte White: </p>
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<div>[[File:Glossary Icon-2.png|100px|frameless|right|link=ICRP Glossary]]<br />
Master regulatory gene encoding for zinc finger DNA binding domain transcription factors/regulatory gene/gene product for early haematopoietic progenitor cells.<br />
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(Adapted from [[ICRP Publication 131]], 2015)<br />
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'''Return to [[ICRP Glossary|Glossary]]'''</div>Charlotte Whitehttp://icrpaedia.org/index.php?title=Gastroschisis&diff=3313Gastroschisis2021-09-07T14:28:10Z<p>Charlotte White: </p>
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<div>[[File:Glossary Icon-2.png|100px|frameless|right|link=ICRP Glossary]]<br />
A congenital defect characterised by a defect in the anterior abdominal wall through which the abdominal contents protrude freely.<br />
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(Adapted from [[ICRP Publication 131]], 2015)<br />
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'''Return to [[ICRP Glossary|Glossary]]'''</div>Charlotte Whitehttp://icrpaedia.org/index.php?title=Gastrulation&diff=3312Gastrulation2021-09-07T14:27:59Z<p>Charlotte White: </p>
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<div>[[File:Glossary Icon-2.png|100px|frameless|right|link=ICRP Glossary]]<br />
Early phase in the embryonic development of most animals, during which the single-layered blastula is re-organised into a three-layered gastrula comprising the ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm.<br />
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(Adapted from [[ICRP Publication 131]], 2015)<br />
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'''Return to [[ICRP Glossary|Glossary]]'''</div>Charlotte Whitehttp://icrpaedia.org/index.php?title=Gastrointestinal_syndrome&diff=3311Gastrointestinal syndrome2021-09-07T14:27:39Z<p>Charlotte White: </p>
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<div>The signs and symptoms of intestinal failure; e.g. intestinal damage related to an acute exposure to ionising radiation with a threshold of about 10 Gy. Acute radiation syndrome (ARS) is a collection of such health effects that are present within 24 hours of exposure.<br />
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'''Return to [[ICRP Glossary|Glossary]]'''</div>Charlotte Whitehttp://icrpaedia.org/index.php?title=Gamma_ray&diff=3310Gamma ray2021-09-07T14:27:21Z<p>Charlotte White: </p>
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<div>Gamma-rays are electromagnetic radiations (photons) emitted by the nucleus in transition from a high energy state to a lower energy state.<br />
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(Adapted from [[ICRP Publication 107]], 2007)<br />
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'''Return to [[ICRP Glossary|Glossary]]'''</div>Charlotte Whitehttp://icrpaedia.org/index.php?title=Galactic_cosmic_radiation&diff=3309Galactic cosmic radiation2021-09-07T14:27:06Z<p>Charlotte White: </p>
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<div>Charged particle radiation that enters the heliosphere continuously from outer space from all directions. The radiation contains electrons (approximately 2%) and a broad range of charged particles from protons up to high Z particles with energies up to several hundreds of GeV and even higher. The fluence rate of GCR in the heliosphere is inversely correlated with the solar activity. It is caused by the solar magnetic field, which is coupled to the solar wind.<br />
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(Adapted from [[ICRP Publication 123]], 2013)<br />
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'''Return to [[ICRP Glossary|Glossary]]'''</div>Charlotte Whitehttp://icrpaedia.org/index.php?title=Fractionation_sensitivity&diff=3308Fractionation sensitivity2021-09-07T14:26:17Z<p>Charlotte White: </p>
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<div>The dependence of the iso-effective radiation dose on the dose per fraction. Usually quantified by the [[α/β ratio]] – a high fractionation sensitivity is characterised by a low [[α/β ratio]].<br />
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(Adapted from [[ICRP Publication 118]], 2012)<br />
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'''Return to [[ICRP Glossary|Glossary]]'''</div>Charlotte Whitehttp://icrpaedia.org/index.php?title=Fractionation_and_dose_delivery_patterns&diff=3307Fractionation and dose delivery patterns2021-09-07T14:26:00Z<p>Charlotte White: </p>
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<div>[[File:Glossary Icon-2.png|100px|frameless|right|link=ICRP Glossary]]<br />
The dose per fraction of radiation is the total dose divided into a particular number of fractions. A very large number of extremely small dose fractions becomes equivalent to low-dose-rate exposure. Very low dose rates protracted over long durations are called ‘chronic exposures’.<br />
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(Adapted from [[ICRP Publication 131]], 2015)<br />
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'''Return to [[ICRP Glossary|Glossary]]'''</div>Charlotte Whitehttp://icrpaedia.org/index.php?title=Fractionation&diff=3306Fractionation2021-09-07T14:25:45Z<p>Charlotte White: </p>
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<div>The dose in radiotherapy based on the total dose divided into a particular number of (usually) daily or shorter treatments.<br />
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(Adapted from [[ICRP Publication 118]], 2012)<br />
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'''Return to [[ICRP Glossary|Glossary]]'''</div>Charlotte Whitehttp://icrpaedia.org/index.php?title=Fractional_absorption_in_the_gastrointestinal_tract&diff=3305Fractional absorption in the gastrointestinal tract2021-09-07T14:25:30Z<p>Charlotte White: </p>
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<div>[[File:Glossary Icon-2.png|100px|frameless|right|link=ICRP Glossary]]<br />
The fraction of an element directly absorbed from the alimentary tract into blood, referred to as the gut transfer factor, and designated as f<sub>1</sub> in the [[ICRP Publication 30]] gastrointestinal tract model and f<sub>A</sub> in the revised [[ICRP Publication 100]] [[Human Alimentary Tract Model]].<br />
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(Adapted from [[ICRP Publication 130]], 2015)<br />
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'''Return to [[ICRP Glossary|Glossary]]'''<br />
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== Previous glossary entries ==<br />
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=== from [[ICRP Publication 119]], 2012 ===<br />
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The f<sub>1</sub> value is the fraction of an ingested element absorbed directly into body fluids.</div>Charlotte Whitehttp://icrpaedia.org/index.php?title=Forbiddenness&diff=3304Forbiddenness2021-09-07T14:25:21Z<p>Charlotte White: </p>
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<div>Beta transitions are classified as allowed transition or forbidden transition based on the spin and parity of the nuclear states involved in the transition. Forbiddenness indicates how ‘fast’ the transition occurs.<br />
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(Adapted from [[ICRP Publication 107]], 2007)<br />
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'''Return to [[ICRP Glossary|Glossary]]'''</div>Charlotte Whitehttp://icrpaedia.org/index.php?title=Fluoroscopically_or_computed_tomography_guided_interventions&diff=3303Fluoroscopically or computed tomography guided interventions2021-09-07T14:24:55Z<p>Charlotte White: </p>
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<div>[[File:Glossary Icon-2.png|100px|frameless|right|link=ICRP Glossary]]<br />
Procedures comprising image guided therapeutic or diagnostic interventions by percutaneous or other access usually performed under local anaesthesia and/or sedation with fluoroscopy or computed tomography (CT). Three-dimensional (cone beam CT) imaging using fluoroscopic equipment is also used in some interventional procedures.<br />
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(Adapted from [[ICRP Publication 139]], 2018)<br />
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'''Return to [[ICRP Glossary|Glossary]]'''<br />
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== Previous glossary entries ==<br />
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=== from [[ICRP Publication 139]], 2018 ===<br />
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Procedures comprising guided therapeutic and diagnostic interventions by percutaneous or other access usually performed under local anaesthesia and/or sedation with fluoroscopic or computed tomography (CT) imaging used to localise the lesion/treatment site monitor the procedure and control and document the therapy (ICRP 2000b). Three-dimensional (cone beam CT) imaging using fluoroscopic equipment is also used in some interventional procedures.</div>Charlotte Whitehttp://icrpaedia.org/index.php?title=Fluence&diff=3302Fluence2021-09-07T14:24:42Z<p>Charlotte White: </p>
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<div>[[File:Glossary Icon-2.png|100px|frameless|right|link=ICRP Glossary]]<br />
The quotient of <math>dN</math> by <math>da</math>, where <math>dN</math> is the number of particles incident on a sphere of cross-sectional area <math>da</math>, thus:<br />
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<math>\Phi = \frac{dN}{da}</math><br />
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The unit of fluence is <sup>m-2</sup>.<br />
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(Adapted from [[ICRP Publication 116]], 2010)<br />
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'''Return to [[ICRP Glossary|Glossary]]'''<br />
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== Previous glossary entries ==<br />
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=== from [[ICRP Publication 103]], 2007; [[ICRP Publication 110]], 2008; [[ICRP Publication 119]], 2012 ===<br />
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The quotient of <math>dN</math> by <math>da</math>, where <math>dN</math> is the number of particles incident on a small sphere of cross-sectional area <math>da</math>, thus:<br />
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<math>\Phi = \frac{dN}{da}</math></div>Charlotte Whitehttp://icrpaedia.org/index.php?title=Fluoroscopically_guided_interventions&diff=3301Fluoroscopically guided interventions2021-09-07T14:24:28Z<p>Charlotte White: </p>
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<div>Minimal invasive procedures comprising fluoroscopic guided therapeutic and diagnostic interventions, by percutaneous, endoscopic or other access, usually performed under local anaesthesia and/or sedation; e.g. in radiology, cardiology, gastroenterology or urology.<br />
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(Adapted from [[ICRP Publication 120]], 2012)<br />
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'''Return to [[ICRP Glossary|Glossary]]'''</div>Charlotte Whitehttp://icrpaedia.org/index.php?title=Flexible_tissues&diff=3300Flexible tissues2021-09-07T14:24:02Z<p>Charlotte White: </p>
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<div>In flexible (Type F) tissues all cells are assumed to have the potential for proliferation and are also engaged in tissue-specific functions. The pronounced dose-latency relationship results from the dose-dependent loss of proliferating functional cells through their mitotic death, together with the feedback-mediated stimulation of compensatory proliferation, leading to an even enhanced cell loss by doomed divisions. <br />
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'''Return to [[ICRP Glossary|Glossary]]'''</div>Charlotte Whitehttp://icrpaedia.org/index.php?title=Field-size_effect_(Volume_effect)&diff=3299Field-size effect (Volume effect)2021-09-07T14:23:51Z<p>Charlotte White: </p>
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<div>The dependence of normal tissue damage on the size of the irradiated area (particularly in skin); in modern literature, typically referred to as the ‘volume effect’. Larger field sizes lead to more scattered radiation, which increases the dose in a specified volume.<br />
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(Adapted from [[ICRP Publication 118]], 2012)<br />
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'''Return to [[ICRP Glossary|Glossary]]'''</div>Charlotte Whitehttp://icrpaedia.org/index.php?title=Fairness&diff=3298Fairness2021-09-07T14:23:38Z<p>Charlotte White: </p>
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<div>The quality of treating people equitably or in a way that is right or reasonable.<br />
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(Adapted from [[ICRP Publication 138]], 2018)<br />
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'''Return to [[ICRP Glossary|Glossary]]'''</div>Charlotte Whitehttp://icrpaedia.org/index.php?title=Kp_index&diff=3297Kp index2021-09-07T14:22:53Z<p>Charlotte White: </p>
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<div>Index quantifying disturbances in the horizontal component of the Earth's magnetic field with a number in the range 0–9, with 1 being calm and ≥5 indicating a geomagnetic storm. The K index is derived from the maximum fluctuations of horizontal components observed on a magnetometer during a 3-h interval. The official planetary Kp index is derived by calculating a weighted average of K indices from a network of geomagnetic observatories.<br />
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(Adapted from [[ICRP Publication 132]], 2013)<br />
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'''Return to [[ICRP Glossary|Glossary]]'''</div>Charlotte Whitehttp://icrpaedia.org/index.php?title=Kp_index&diff=3296Kp index2021-09-07T14:22:04Z<p>Charlotte White: </p>
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<div>Index quantifying disturbances in the horizontal component of the Earth's magnetic field with a number in the range 0–9, with 1 being calm and ≥5 indicating a geomagnetic storm. The K index is derived from the maximum fluctuations of horizontal components observed on a magnetometer during a 3-h interval. The official planetary Kp index is derived by calculating a weighted average of K indices from a network of geomagnetic observatories. ([[ICRP Publication 132]], 2013)<br />
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'''Return to [[ICRP Glossary|Glossary]]'''</div>Charlotte Whitehttp://icrpaedia.org/index.php?title=Justification&diff=3295Justification2021-09-07T14:18:30Z<p>Charlotte White: </p>
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<div>[[File:Glossary Icon-2.png|100px|frameless|right|link=ICRP Glossary]]<br />
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The process of determining whether: (i) a planned activity involving radiation is beneficial overall (i.e. whether the benefits to individuals and to society from introducing or continuing the activity outweigh the harm resulting from the activity); or (ii) a proposed action, or set of actions, in an emergency or existing exposure situation is likely to be beneficial overall (i.e. whether the benefits to individuals and society outweigh its cost and any harm or damage it causes).<br />
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(Adapted from [[ICRP Publication 132]], 2016)<br />
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'''Return to [[ICRP Glossary|Glossary]]'''<br />
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== Previous glossary entries ==<br />
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=== from [[ICRP Publication 103]], 2007 ===<br />
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The process of determining whether either: (1) a planned activity involving radiation is, overall, beneficial, i.e. whether the benefits to individuals and to society from introducing or continuing the activity outweigh the harm (including radiation detriment) resulting from the activity; or (2) a proposed remedial action in an emergency or existing exposure situation is likely, overall, to be beneficial, i.e., whether the benefits to individuals and to society (including the reduction in radiation detriment) from introducing or continuing the remedial action outweigh its cost and any harm or damage it causes.</div>Charlotte Whitehttp://icrpaedia.org/index.php?title=Justice&diff=3294Justice2021-09-07T14:18:02Z<p>Charlotte White: </p>
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<div>[[File:Glossary Icon-2.png|100px|frameless|right|link=ICRP Glossary]]<br />
The upholding of what is right, equitable and fair. <br />
*Distributive justice: fairness in the distribution of advantages and disadvantages among members of a people community.<br />
*Environmental justice: equitable distribution of environmental risks and benefits; fair and meaningful participation in environmental decision-making; recognition of community ways of life, local knowledge, and cultural difference.<br />
*Intergenerational justice: fairness towards everyone, with attention also to future generations.<br />
*Procedural justice: fairness in the rules and procedures in the process of decision making<br />
*Restorative justice: giving priority to repairing the harm done to victims and communities.<br />
*Social justice: promoting a just society, by recognition of human rights to equitable treatment and assuring equal access to opportunities. (Adapted from <br />
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(Adapted from [[ICRP Publication 138]], 2018)<br />
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'''Return to [[ICRP Glossary|Glossary]]'''<br />
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One of the four Core Ethical Values underpinning the System of Radiological Protection described in [[ICRP Publication 138]]:<br />
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* [[Beneficence]] and [[non-maleficence]]<br />
* [[Prudence]]<br />
* Justice<br />
* [[Dignity]]<br />
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== Excerpt from [[ICRP Publication 138]] Ethical Foundations of the System of Radiological Protection ==<br />
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3.3. Justice<br />
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(51) Justice is usually defined as fairness in the distribution of advantages and disadvantages among groups of people (distributive justice), fairness in compensation for losses (restorative justice), and fairness in the rules and procedures in the processes of decision making (procedural justice). Whereas equity and inequity relate to the state of affairs in distribution of goods, fairness can be used to describe the degree of equity attained in this distribution.<br />
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(52) It must be emphasised that the Commission has not referred to justice explicitly in its previous recommendations. However, the idea of limiting individual exposures in order to correct possible disparities in the distribution of individual doses due to radiation among exposed populations appeared as early as [[ICRP Publication 26]]. In [[ICRP Publication 60]], the term ‘inequity’ was used for the first time: ‘When the benefits and detriments do not have the same distribution through the population, there is bound to be some inequity. Serious inequity can be avoided by the attention paid to the protection of individuals’.<br />
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(53) Any exposure situation, whether natural or man-made, can result in a wide distribution of individual exposures. In addition, the implementation of protective measures can also induce potential distortions in this distribution that may aggravate inequities. In this context, the protection criteria of the system of radiological protection play a dual role.<br />
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(54) First, radiological protection criteria aim to reduce inequities in the distribution of individual exposures in situations where some individuals could be subject to much more exposure than others. This restriction of individual exposures is done through the use of dose constraints that apply to planned exposure situations, reference levels that apply to existing and emergency exposure situations, and derived consideration reference levels that apply for the protection of fauna and flora. Dose constraints, reference levels, and derived consideration reference levels are integral parts of the optimisation process, and thus must be chosen depending on the prevailing circumstances by those responsible for protection.<br />
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(55) The second role of protection criteria is to ensure that exposures do not exceed the values beyond which the associated risk is considered as not tolerable given a particular context. This is ensured through the application of dose limits recommended by the Commission for the protection of workers and the public in planned exposure situations. As with dose constraints and reference levels, dose limits are tools to restrict individual exposure in order to ensure fairness in the distribution of risks across the exposed group of individuals. However, given the predictable dimension of the planned exposure situations for which the radiation sources are introduced deliberately by human action, the numerical values of dose limits, unlike dose constraints and reference levels, are generally specified in legal terms and have a binding character.<br />
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(56) Thus, through the protection criteria, the system of radiological protection aims to ensure that the distribution of individual exposures meets two principles of distributive justice. First, the principle of equity reflects the personal circumstances in which individuals are involved. It is the role of dose constraints and reference levels to reduce the range of exposure to individuals subject to the same exposure situation. Secondly, the principle of equal rights guarantees equal treatment for all individuals belonging to the same category of exposure in planned exposure situations. It is the role of dose limits to ensure that all members of the public, and all occupationally exposed workers, do not exceed the level of risk deemed tolerable by society and recognised in law (Hansson, 2007).<br />
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(57) Recognition of the right of citizens to participate in decision-making processes is an important aspect of procedural justice, and linked to stakeholder participation. In environmental justice, this has been ratified in the Århus Convention on Access to Information, Public Participation in Decision-making, and Access to Justice in Environmental Matters (UNECE, 2001). There are, of course, still challenges in achieving this in practice, and stakeholder participation is discussed in more detail in Section 4.<br />
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(58) Intergenerational distributive justice has been addressed by the Commission for the management of radioactive waste with reference to ‘precautionary principle and sustainable development in order to preserve the health and environment of future generations’ ([[ICRP Publication 122]], Para. 15). In [[ICRP Publication 81]], the Commission recommends that ‘individuals and populations in the future should be afforded at least the same level of protection as the current generation’ ([[ICRP Publication 81]], Para. 40). In [[ICRP Publication 122]], the Commission introduces responsibilities towards future generations in terms of providing the means to deal with their protection: ‘. . . the obligations of the present generation towards the future generation are complex, involving, for instance, not only issues of safety and protection but also transfer of knowledge and resources’ ([[ICRP Publication 122]], Para. 17).</div>Charlotte Whitehttp://icrpaedia.org/index.php?title=Employer&diff=3293Employer2021-09-07T14:15:09Z<p>Charlotte White: </p>
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<div>[[File:Glossary Icon-2.png|100px|frameless|right|link=ICRP Glossary]]<br />
An organisation, corporation, partnership, firm, association, trust, estate, public or private institution, group, political or administrative entity, or other persons designated in accordance with national legislation, with recognised responsibility, commitment, and duties towards a worker in her or his employment by virtue of a mutually agreed relationship. A self-employed person is regarded as being both an employer and a worker.<br />
<br />
(Adapted from [[ICRP Publication 139]], 2018)<br />
<br />
'''Return to [[ICRP Glossary|Glossary]]'''</div>Charlotte Whitehttp://icrpaedia.org/index.php?title=Kerma&diff=3292Kerma2021-09-07T14:12:44Z<p>Charlotte White: </p>
<hr />
<div>[[File:Glossary Icon-2.png|100px|frameless|right|link=ICRP Glossary]]<br />
Quantity for ionising uncharged particles, defined by the quotient of <math>dE_{tr}</math> by <math>dm</math>, where <math>dE_{tr}</math> is the mean sum of the initial kinetic energies of all the charged particles liberated in a mass <math>dm</math> of a material by the uncharged particles incident on <math>dm</math>, thus:<br />
<br />
<math><br />
K = \frac{dE_{tr}}{dm}<br />
</math><br />
<br />
The SI unit of kerma is joule per kilogram (J kg<sup>-1</sup>), and its special name is [[gray]] (Gy).<br />
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‘Kerma’ is an acronym for ‘kinetic energy released in a mass’.<br />
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(Adapted from [[ICRP Publication 116]], 2010)<br />
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'''Return to [[ICRP Glossary|Glossary]]'''<br />
<br />
== Previous glossary entries ==<br />
<br />
=== from [[ICRP Publication 103]], 2007; [[ICRP Publication 119]], 2012; [[ICRP Publication 120]], 2012; [[ICRP Publication 135]], 2017; and [[ICRP Publication 136]], 2011 ===<br />
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The quotient of the sum of the kinetic energies, <math>dE_{tr}</math>, of all charged particles liberated by uncharged particles in a mass <math>dm</math> of material, and the mass <math>dm</math> of that material.<br />
<br />
<math><br />
K = \frac{dE_{tr}}{dm}<br />
</math><br />
<br />
Kerma is defined as a non-stochastic quantity and <math>dE_{tr}</math> is the expectation value of the sum of the kinetic energies. The unit for kerma is joule per kilogram (J kg<sup>-1</sup>) and its special name is [[gray]] (Gy).</div>Charlotte Whitehttp://icrpaedia.org/index.php?title=Kerma&diff=3291Kerma2021-09-07T14:12:34Z<p>Charlotte White: </p>
<hr />
<div>[[File:Glossary Icon-2.png|100px|frameless|right|link=ICRP Glossary]]<br />
Quantity for ionising uncharged particles, defined by the quotient of <math>dE_{tr}</math> by <math>dm</math>, where <math>dE_{tr}</math> is the mean sum of the initial kinetic energies of all the charged particles liberated in a mass <math>dm</math> of a material by the uncharged particles incident on <math>dm</math>, thus:<br />
<br />
<math><br />
K = \frac{dE_{tr}}{dm}<br />
</math><br />
<br />
The SI unit of kerma is joule per kilogram (J kg<sup>-1</sup>), and its special name is [[gray]] (Gy).<br />
<br />
‘Kerma’ is an acronym for ‘kinetic energy released in a mass’.<br />
<br />
(Adapted from [[ICRP Publication 116]], 2010) ===<br />
<br />
'''Return to [[ICRP Glossary|Glossary]]'''<br />
<br />
== Previous glossary entries ==<br />
<br />
=== from [[ICRP Publication 103]], 2007; [[ICRP Publication 119]], 2012; [[ICRP Publication 120]], 2012; [[ICRP Publication 135]], 2017; and [[ICRP Publication 136]], 2011 ===<br />
<br />
The quotient of the sum of the kinetic energies, <math>dE_{tr}</math>, of all charged particles liberated by uncharged particles in a mass <math>dm</math> of material, and the mass <math>dm</math> of that material.<br />
<br />
<math><br />
K = \frac{dE_{tr}}{dm}<br />
</math><br />
<br />
Kerma is defined as a non-stochastic quantity and <math>dE_{tr}</math> is the expectation value of the sum of the kinetic energies. The unit for kerma is joule per kilogram (J kg<sup>-1</sup>) and its special name is [[gray]] (Gy).</div>Charlotte Whitehttp://icrpaedia.org/index.php?title=Security_screening&diff=2934Security screening2021-08-12T00:02:20Z<p>Charlotte White: Created page with "link=ICRP Glossary An activity undertaken to detect unintended, unwanted, or deliberately introduced objects or materials th..."</p>
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<div>[[File:Glossary Icon-2.png|100px|frameless|right|link=ICRP Glossary]]<br />
An activity undertaken to detect unintended, unwanted, or deliberately introduced objects or materials that could pose a security threat or be used for malicious purposes.<br />
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(Adapted from [[ICRP Publication 125]], 2014)<br />
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'''Return to [[ICRP Glossary|Glossary]]'''<br />
<br />
== Previous glossary entries ==<br />
<br />
=== from [[ICRP Publication 125]], 2014 ===<br />
<br />
The collection of one or more images to produce the information necessary to screen an individual or object properly.<br />
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=== from [[ICRP Publication 125]], 2014 ===<br />
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An activity undertaken to detect unintended unwanted or deliberately introduced objects or materials that could pose a security threat or be used for malicious purposes.</div>Charlotte Whitehttp://icrpaedia.org/index.php?title=Security&diff=2933Security2021-08-12T00:01:29Z<p>Charlotte White: </p>
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<div>[[File:Glossary Icon-2.png|100px|frameless|right|link=ICRP Glossary]]<br />
The prevention and detection of, and response to, theft, sabotage, unauthorised access, illegal transfer, or other malicious acts involving nuclear material, other radioactive substances, or their associated installations.<br />
<br />
(Adapted from [[ICRP Publication 103]], 2007)<br />
<br />
'''Return to [[ICRP Glossary|Glossary]]'''<br />
<br />
== Previous glossary entries ==</div>Charlotte Whitehttp://icrpaedia.org/index.php?title=Security&diff=2932Security2021-08-12T00:01:22Z<p>Charlotte White: Created page with "link=ICRP Glossary The prevention and detection of, and response to, theft, sabotage, unauthorised access, illegal transfer,..."</p>
<hr />
<div>[[File:Glossary Icon-2.png|100px|frameless|right|link=ICRP Glossary]]<br />
The prevention and detection of, and response to, theft, sabotage, unauthorised access, illegal transfer, or other malicious acts involving nuclear material, other radioactive substances, or their associated installations.<br />
<br />
(Adapted from [[ICRP Publication 103]], 2007<br />
<br />
'''Return to [[ICRP Glossary|Glossary]]'''<br />
<br />
== Previous glossary entries ==</div>Charlotte Whitehttp://icrpaedia.org/index.php?title=Sheltering&diff=2931Sheltering2021-08-12T00:00:05Z<p>Charlotte White: Created page with "link=ICRP Glossary The short-term use of a structure to reduce the intake of airborne radionuclides by inhalation and for th..."</p>
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<div>[[File:Glossary Icon-2.png|100px|frameless|right|link=ICRP Glossary]]<br />
The short-term use of a structure to reduce the intake of airborne radionuclides by inhalation and for the protection from external exposures from radionuclides in the air and deposited on the ground.<br />
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(Adapted from [[ICRP Publication 109]], 2008)<br />
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'''Return to [[ICRP Glossary|Glossary]]'''<br />
<br />
== Previous glossary entries ==<br />
<br />
=== from [[ICRP Publication 109]], 2008 ===<br />
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The use of the structure of a building to reduce exposure from an airborne plume and/or deposited materials.</div>Charlotte Whitehttp://icrpaedia.org/index.php?title=Solar_flare&diff=2930Solar flare2021-08-11T23:59:28Z<p>Charlotte White: Created page with "link=ICRP Glossary A large emission of energetic solar particles ejected into space by the Sun. (Adapted from ICRP Public..."</p>
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<div>[[File:Glossary Icon-2.png|100px|frameless|right|link=ICRP Glossary]]<br />
A large emission of energetic solar particles ejected into space by the Sun.<br />
<br />
(Adapted from [[ICRP Publication 132]], 2016)<br />
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'''Return to [[ICRP Glossary|Glossary]]'''<br />
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== Previous glossary entries ==<br />
<br />
=== from [[ICRP Publication 132]], 2016 ===<br />
<br />
A solar flare is a large emission of energetic solar particles ejected into space by the Sun. The frequency of occurrence varies with solar activity from less than one per week to several per day. Large solar flares are less frequent than smaller solar flares. Solar flares can produce a stream of energetic particles in the solar wind known as ‘solar proton events’. When these particles can be observed by ground-based cosmic radiation detectors, they are called ‘ground-level events or enhancements’.</div>Charlotte Whitehttp://icrpaedia.org/index.php?title=Source-related_assessment&diff=2929Source-related assessment2021-08-11T23:51:59Z<p>Charlotte White: </p>
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<div>[[File:Glossary Icon-2.png|100px|frameless|right|link=ICRP Glossary]]<br />
Assessment concerned with the exposures resulting from a single source.<ref>In source-related assessments, the individual doses have to be supplemented by information on the number of people exposed.</ref><br />
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(Adapted from [[ICRP Publication 21]], 1973 and Pergamon Press, Oxford (ISO TC85 - Vocabulary on Radiological Protection, 2011)<br />
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'''Return to [[ICRP Glossary|Glossary]]'''<br />
<br />
== Previous glossary entries ==<br />
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== Notes ==<br />
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<references /></div>Charlotte White