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Application of ionising radiation in healthcare is basic and routine in contemporary medicine. Benefits to patients from such application have been established beyond doubt ([[ICRP Publication 105]] Radiological Protection in Medicine). It is difficult to imagine a healthcare system without modern diagnostic imaging and image-guided interventional procedures. A survey of policy leaders in internal medicine rated computed tomography (CT) imaging as one of the main healthcare innovations in the 20th century (Fuchs and Sox, 2001 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11558715]). The applications of ionising radiation in healthcare include the following topics.