Changes

===[[ICRP Publication 103]] paragraph 27===

<blockquote>... The Recommendations are based on scientific knowledge and on expert judgement. Scientific data, such as those concerning health risks attributable to radiation exposure, are a necessary prerequisite, but societal and economic aspects of protection have also to be considered. All of those concerned with radiological protection have to make value judgements about the relative importance of different kinds of risk and about the balancing of risks and benefits. In this, radiological protection is not different from other fields concerned with the control of hazards ... </blockquote>

==Module One: Objectives of Radiological Protection==

*impairment of reproductive capacity by either reduced fertility or fecundity (affecting birth rate, age distribution, number, and density); and

*induction of chromosomal damage. </blockquote>

==Module One: Fundamental Principles of Radiological Protection==

This means that, by introducing a new radiation source, by reducing existing exposure, or by reducing the risk of potential exposure, one should achieve sufficient individual or societal benefit to offset the detriment it causes.</blockquote>

===[[ICRP Publication 103]] paragraph 205===

This means that the level of protection should be the best under the prevailing circumstances, maximising the margin of benefit over harm. In order to avoid severely inequitable outcomes of this optimisation procedure, there should be restrictions on the doses or risks to individuals from a particular source (dose or risk constraints and reference levels).</blockquote>

===[[ICRP Publication 103]] paragraph 211===

<blockquote>The process of optimisation of protection is intended for application to those situations that have been deemed to be justified. The principle of optimisation of protection, with restriction on the magnitude of individual dose or risk, is central to the system of protection and applies to all three exposure situations: planned exposure situations, emergency exposure situations, and existing exposure situations.</blockquote>

===[[ICRP Publication 103]] paragraph 212===

<blockquote>The principle of optimisation is defined by the Commission as the source related process to keep the likelihood of incurring exposures (where these are not certain to be received), the number of people exposed, and the magnitude of individual doses as low as reasonably achievable, taking economic and societal factors into account.</blockquote>

===[[ICRP Publication 103]] paragraph 203===

<blockquote>The principle of application of [[dose limits]]: The total dose to any individual from regulated sources in planned exposure situations other than medical exposure of patients should not exceed the appropriate limits recommended by the Commission.</blockquote>

===[[ICRP Publication 103]] paragraph 204===

<blockquote>Regulatory [[dose limits]] are determined by the regulatory authority, taking account of international recommendations, and apply to workers and to members of the public in planned exposure situations.</blockquote>

===[[ICRP Publication 103]] paragraph 243===

<blockquote>In radiation biology, clinical radiology, and radiological protection the absorbed dose, D, is the basic physical dose quantity, and it is used for all types of ionising radiation and any irradiation geometry. It is defined as ... the mean energy imparted to matter ... [divided by the mass]

When using the quantity absorbed dose in practical protection applications, doses are averaged over tissue volumes. It is assumed that, for low doses, the mean value of absorbed dose averaged over a specific organ or tissue can be correlated with radiation detriment for stochastic effects in that tissue with an accuracy sufficient for the purposes of radiological protection.</blockquote>

<blockquote>The protection quantities are used to specify exposure limits to ensure that the occurrence of stochastic health effects is kept below unacceptable levels and that tissue reactions are avoided. The definition of the protection quantities is based on the average absorbed dose, D_T,R in the volume of a specified organ or tissue T (see Table 3), due to radiation of type R (see Table 2). The radiation R is given by the type and energy of radiation either incident on the body or emitted by radionuclides residing within it. The protection quantity equivalent dose in an organ or tissue, H_T, is then defined by

[[Image:Page5F1.jpg |160px]]

where wR is the radiation weighting factor for radiation R. The sum is performed over all types of radiations involved. The unit of equivalent dose is J kg^-1 and has the special name sievert (Sv).</blockquote>

<blockquote>[[Image:Pub103T2.jpg |300px]]

<blockquote> ... The development of ... effective dose has made a significant contribution to radiological protection as it has enabled doses to be summed from whole and partial body exposure from external radiation of various types and from intakes of radionuclides.</blockquote>

<blockquote>The effective dose, E, ... is defined by a weighted sum of tissue equivalent doses as:

[[Image:Page5F2.jpg |225px]]

<blockquote>[[Image:Pub103T3.jpg |300px]]</blockquote>