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The charge number Z of a nucleus reduced by a factor depending on the relative velocity (velocity of the nucleus relative to the velocity of light) which takes account of the fact that the nucleus is not completely ionised at low velocities.
<div style='text-align: center>;<math>Z*=Z (1-exp(-125 βZ2125⋅βZ^{2/3}))</math>
([[ICRP Publication 123]], 2013)
</div>
''[[ICRP Glossary]] entry - June 2019''
